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Что (кто) такое Hamming distance - определение
NUMBER OF BITS THAT DIFFER BETWEEN TWO STRINGS
Hamming metric; Substitution distance; Hamming cube; Hamming Distance; Hanning distance; Minimum Hamming distance; Hamming loss
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Hamming distance
<data> The minimum number of bits that must be changed in
order to convert one bit string into another.
Named after the mathematician Richard Hamming.
[Connection with Hamming code? ].
(2002-07-02)
Richard Hamming
![modulo]] 16, in the 16-color system.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hamming.jpg?width=200 "modulo]] 16, in the 16-color system.")
AMERICAN MATHEMATICIAN AND INFORMATION THEORIST
Richard W. Hamming; Richard W Hamming; Richard Wesley Hamming; Hamming, Richard Wesley; Hamming, Richard; Richard Hammering; R. W. Hammering
<person> Professor Richard Wesley Hamming (1915-02-11 -
1998-01-07). An American mathematician known for his work in
information theory (notably {error detection and
correction}), having invented the concepts of Hamming code,
Hamming distance, and Hamming window.
Richard Hamming received his B.S. from the University of
Chicago in 1937, his M.A. from the University of Nebraska in
1939, and his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1942. In 1945 Hamming joined
the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos.
In 1946, after World War II, Hamming joined the {Bell
Telephone Laboratories} where he worked with both Shannon
and John Tukey. He worked there until 1976 when he accepted
a chair of computer science at the Naval Postgraduate School
at Monterey, California.
Hamming's fundamental paper on error-detecting and
error-correcting codes ("Hamming codes") appeared in 1950.
His work on the IBM 650 leading to the development in 1956
of the L2 programming language. This never displaced the
workhorse language L1 devised by Michael V Wolontis. By
1958 the 650 had been elbowed aside by the 704.
Although best known for error-correcting codes, Hamming was
primarily a numerical analyst, working on integrating
differential equations and the Hamming spectral window
used for smoothing data before Fourier analysis. He wrote
textbooks, propounded aphorisms ("the purpose of computing is
insight, not numbers"), and was a founder of the ACM and a
proponent of open-shop computing ("better to solve the right
problem the wrong way than the wrong problem the right way.").
In 1968 he was made a fellow of the {Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers} and awarded the Turing Prize from
the Association for Computing Machinery. The Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers awarded Hamming the
Emanuel R Piore Award in 1979 and a medal in 1988.
http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/Richard Hamminghistory/Mathematicians/Hamming.html.
http://zapata.seas.smu.edu/Richard Hamminggorsak/hamming.html.
http://webtechniques.com/archives/1998/03/homepage/.
[Richard Hamming. Coding and Information Theory.
Prentice-Hall, 1980. ISBN 0-13-139139-9 ].
(2003-06-07)
Hamming, Richard
AMERICAN MATHEMATICIAN AND INFORMATION THEORIST
Richard W. Hamming; Richard W Hamming; Richard Wesley Hamming; Hamming, Richard Wesley; Hamming, Richard; Richard Hammering; R. W. Hammering
Distance
![Airline routes between [[Los Angeles]] and [[Tokyo]] approximately follow a direct [[great circle]] route (top), but use the [[jet stream]] (bottom) when heading eastwards. The shortest route appears as a curve rather than a straight line because the [[map projection]] does not scale all distances equally compared to the real spherical surface of the Earth.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Greatcircle Jetstream routes.svg?width=200 "Airline routes between [[Los Angeles]] and [[Tokyo]] approximately follow a direct [[great circle]] route (top), but use the [[jet stream]] (bottom) when heading eastwards. The shortest route appears as a curve rather than a straight line because the [[map projection]] does not scale all distances equally compared to the real spherical surface of the Earth.")
![[[Manhattan distance]] on a grid](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Manhattan distance.svg?width=200 "[[Manhattan distance]] on a grid")
LENGTH OF STRAIGHT LINE THAT CONNECTS TWO POINTS IN A MEASURABLE SPACE OR IN AN OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL SPACE
Distances; Distance Formula; Distance in time; Time distance; Directed distance; Distance traveled; Oriented distance; Distance (mathematics); Distance between sets
·noun Remoteness of place; a remote place.
II. Distance ·vt To place at a distance or remotely.
III. Distance ·noun Space between two antagonists in fencing.
IV. Distance ·noun Ideal disjunction; discrepancy; contrariety.
V. Distance ·noun A space marked out in the last part of a race course.
VI. Distance ·vt To cause to appear as if at a distance; to make seem remote.
VII. Distance ·noun The interval between two notes; as, the distance of a fourth or seventh.
VIII. Distance ·noun Length or interval of time; period, past or future, between two eras or events.
IX. Distance ·noun The remoteness or reserve which respect requires; hence, respect; ceremoniousness.
X. Distance ·noun A withholding of intimacy; alienation; coldness; disagreement; variance; restraint; reserve.
XI. Distance ·noun Remoteness in succession or relation; as, the distance between a descendant and his ancestor.
XII. Distance ·vt To outstrip by as much as a distance (see Distance, ·noun, 3); to leave far behind; to surpass greatly.
XIII. Distance ·noun The part of a picture which contains the representation of those objects which are the farthest away, ·esp. in a landscape.
XIV. Distance ·noun Relative space, between troops in ranks, measured from front to rear;
- contrasted with interval, which is measured from right to left.
XV. Distance ·noun The space between two objects; the length of a line, especially the shortest line joining two points or things that are separate; measure of separation in place.
distance
LENGTH OF STRAIGHT LINE THAT CONNECTS TWO POINTS IN A MEASURABLE SPACE OR IN AN OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL SPACE
Distances; Distance Formula; Distance in time; Time distance; Directed distance; Distance traveled; Oriented distance; Distance (mathematics); Distance between sets
¦ noun
1. the length of the space between two points: I cycled the short distance home.
2. the condition of being remote.
a far-off point.
3. the full length of a race or other contest.
Brit. Horse Racing a space of more than twenty lengths between two finishers in a race.
(the distance) Brit. Horse Racing a length of 240 yards from the winning post on a racecourse.
4. an interval of time.
5. aloofness or reserve.
¦ verb make distant.
?(often distance oneself from) dissociate or separate.
Phrases
go the distance last or continue to participate until the scheduled end of a contest.
keep one's distance stay far away.
?maintain one's reserve.
Origin
ME (in the sense 'discord, debate'): from OFr. or from L. distantia, from distant-, distare (see distant).
Distance
LENGTH OF STRAIGHT LINE THAT CONNECTS TWO POINTS IN A MEASURABLE SPACE OR IN AN OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL SPACE
Distances; Distance Formula; Distance in time; Time distance; Directed distance; Distance traveled; Oriented distance; Distance (mathematics); Distance between sets
Distance is a numerical or occasionally qualitative measurement of how far apart objects or points are. In physics or everyday usage, distance may refer to a physical length or an estimation based on other criteria (e.
distance
LENGTH OF STRAIGHT LINE THAT CONNECTS TWO POINTS IN A MEASURABLE SPACE OR IN AN OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL SPACE
Distances; Distance Formula; Distance in time; Time distance; Directed distance; Distance traveled; Oriented distance; Distance (mathematics); Distance between sets
(distances, distancing, distanced)
Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common words in English.
1.
The distance between two points or places is the amount of space between them.
...the distance between the island and the nearby shore...
Everything is within walking distance...
N-VAR: with supp, oft N between pl-n
2.
When two things are very far apart, you talk about the distance between them.
The distance wouldn't be a problem.
N-UNCOUNT
3.
Distance learning or distance education involves studying at home and sending your work to a college or university, rather than attending the college or university in person.
I'm doing a theology degree by distance learning.
ADJ: ADJ n
4.
When you want to emphasize that two people or things do not have a close relationship or are not the same, you can refer to the distance between them.
There was a vast distance between psychological clues and concrete proof...
N-UNCOUNT: usu N between pl-n [emphasis]
5.
If you can see something in the distance, you can see it, far away from you.
We suddenly saw her in the distance...
N-SING: in/into the N
6.
Distance is coolness or unfriendliness in the way that someone behaves towards you. (FORMAL)
There were periods of sulking, of pronounced distance, of coldness.
? closeness
N-UNCOUNT: usu with supp
7.
If you distance yourself from a person or thing, or if something distances you from them, you feel less friendly or positive towards them, or become less involved with them.
The author distanced himself from some of the comments in his book...
Television may actually be distancing the public from the war.
VERB: V pron-refl from n, V n from n
• distanced
Clough felt he'd become too distanced from his fans.
ADJ: v-link ADJ, usu ADJ from n
8.
If you are at a distance from something, or if you see it or remember it from a distance, you are a long way away from it in space or time.
The only way I can cope with my mother is at a distance...
Now I can look back on the whole tragedy from a distance of forty years.
PHRASE: PHR after v, v-link PHR
9.
If you keep your distance from someone or something or keep them at a distance, you do not become involved with them.
Jay had always tended to keep his girlfriends at a distance.
PHRASE: V inflects
10.
If you keep your distance from someone or something, you do not get physically close to them. (OLD-FASHIONED)
He walked towards the doorway, careful to keep his distance.
PHRASE: V inflects
distance
LENGTH OF STRAIGHT LINE THAT CONNECTS TWO POINTS IN A MEASURABLE SPACE OR IN AN OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL SPACE
Distances; Distance Formula; Distance in time; Time distance; Directed distance; Distance traveled; Oriented distance; Distance (mathematics); Distance between sets
I. n.
1.
Remoteness.
2.
Degree of remoteness or removal.
3.
Remote region, distant quarter.
4.
Interval, space, space intervening.
5.
Reserve, coldness, stiffness, distant behavior, frigidity.
II. v. a.
Outdo, surpass, excel, outstrip, leave behind.
distance
LENGTH OF STRAIGHT LINE THAT CONNECTS TWO POINTS IN A MEASURABLE SPACE OR IN AN OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL SPACE
Distances; Distance Formula; Distance in time; Time distance; Directed distance; Distance traveled; Oriented distance; Distance (mathematics); Distance between sets
I
n.
1) to cover; run; travel; walk a distance
2) to keep a distance (to keep a safe distance between cars)
3) to close the distance between
4) a discreet; good, great, long; safe; short distance (we traveled a short distance)
5) (a) shouting; striking; walking distance (it's within easy walking distance)
6) (a) braking, stopping distance
7) a distance between; from; to (the distance between New York and London is three thousand miles; the distance from Philadelphia to Chicago is less than eight hundred miles)
8) at a distance (at a discreet distance; we spotted them at a distance of two hundred yards)
9) from a distance (I spotted her from a distance)
10) in the distance (the city was visible in the distance) (misc.)
11) to keep one's distance ('to not allow familiarity'); a short distance away; quite a distance
II
v. (D; refl.) to distance from
Euclidean distance
CONVENTIONAL DISTANCE IN MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS
Distance formula; Euclidean metric; Pythagorean metric; Geometric distance; Euclidean Distance; Euclidian distance; Pythagorean distance; Euclidean measure; Squared Euclidean distance; Distance formula (coordinate geometry); Distance Formula (coordinate geometry); Distance in Euclidean space
In mathematics, the Euclidean distance between two points in Euclidean space is the length of a line segment between the two points.
Википедия
Hamming distance
In information theory, the Hamming distance between two strings of equal length is the number of positions at which the corresponding symbols are different. In other words, it measures the minimum number of substitutions required to change one string into the other, or the minimum number of errors that could have transformed one string into the other. In a more general context, the Hamming distance is one of several string metrics for measuring the edit distance between two sequences. It is named after the American mathematician Richard Hamming.
A major application is in coding theory, more specifically to block codes, in which the equal-length strings are vectors over a finite field.
